Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

1. 5 REFERENCES 127 7 DIGITAL TERRAIN 129 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 129 1. 2 DRAINAGE NETWORK 130 1. 3 DEFINITION OF CHANNEL NETWORKS 135 1. 4 RESOLUTION DEPENDENT EFFECTS 138 1. 5 CONSTRAINING DRAINAGE DIRECTION 141 1. 6 SUMMARY 145 1. 7 REFERENCES 146 8 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT 149 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 149 1. 2 RAIN GAUGE ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL 151 ADAR STIMATION OF RECIPITATION 1. 3 R E P 155 1. 4 WSR-88D RADAR CHARACTERISTICS 167 1. 5 INPUT FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING 172 1. 6 SUMMARY 174 1. 7 REFERENCES 175 9 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 177 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 177 1. 2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 182 1. 3 SUMMARY 194 1. 4 REFERENCES 195 10 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 197 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 197 1. 2 CALIBRATION APPROACH 199 1. 3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 201 1. 4 AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION 208 1. 5 SUMMARY 214 1. 6 REFERENCES 214 11 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 217 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 218 1. 2 CASE STUDIES 218 1. 3 SUMMARY 236 1. 4 REFERENCES 237 12 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 239 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 239 x Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS 1. 2 VFLO™ EDITIONS 241 1. 3 VFLO™ FEATURES AND MODULES 242 1. 4 MODEL FEATURE SUMMARY 245 1. 5 VFLO™ REAL-TIME 256 1. 6 DATA REQUIREMENTS 258 1. 7 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MODELS 259 1. 8 SUMMARY 260 1.

Hydrologic models. --- Geographic information systems. --- Hydrology --- Electronic data processing --- Data processing. --- Distributed processing. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Environmental management. --- Waste disposal. --- Hydrogeology. --- Environmental Management. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Waste management. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Groundwater

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

he reason why I wrote a book on volcanism quoted is in no way re­ A volcano is not made on purpose to frighten in German (secondeditionpublished in2000) presentative. In view of superstitious people intofits ofpietyand devo­ Trather than in English. the lingua franca of the large amountoflit­ tion; nor to overwhelm devoted cities with science, was simple. The intended users of this eratureconsulted when destruction;avolcanoshould be considered asa writing this volume, I book were not only scientists and beginning stu­ spiracletothe subterraneanfurnace, in orderto dents in the Earth sciences,but also school teach­ have not been able to prevent the unnecessary elevation of land, and ers and lay people interested in volcanoes. The trace back some infor­ let. al effKts ofearthquakes. updated English translation likewise attempts to mation to ilS primary Jam~ Hutton, Th~ry o/the Earth, Cod;cate, '795 strike a balance between providing enough sci­ source. I apologize to ence and a few up-la-date references for those those colleagues whose who want to dig deeper, while al the same time paper I have failed to quote. The 2000 German edition was also conceived to summarize some remaining digestible for those whosimplywant to know morc about volcanoes.

Volcanism --- 551.21 --- 551.21 Vulcanicity. Vulcanism. Volcanoes. Eruptive phenomena. Eruptions --- Vulcanicity. Vulcanism. Volcanoes. Eruptive phenomena. Eruptions --- Volcanicity --- Vulcanism --- Geodynamics --- Volcanology --- Volcanism. --- Volcanisme --- Geology. --- Geochemistry. --- Physical geography. --- Mineralogy. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Sahelian West Africa has recovered from the disastrous droughts of the 1970's and 1980's. People have learned to adapt to risk and uncertainty in fragile dryland environments. They, as well as global change scientists, are worried about the impact of climate change on these West African drylands. What do the experiences of the last thirty years say about the preparedness for higher temperatures, lower rainfall, and even more variability? Detailed studies on Dryland West Africa as a whole, and on Burkina Faso, Mali and Northern Ghana in particular show an advanced coping behaviour and increased adaptation, but also major differences in vulnerability and coping potential. Climate change preparedness programmes have only just started and require more robust support, and more specific social targeting, for a population which is rapidly growing, even more rapidly urbanising, and further integrating in a globalised economy. This book is the first of its kind with a comprehensive analysis of climate change experiences in West African drylands, with attention for pathways of change and the diversity of adaptation options available. This book is of interest to scientists studying global and climate change, especially dealing with issues of adaptation. Social scientists, economists, geographers and policy makers concerned with West Africa should also read this book.

Crop damage --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Economic geography --- West Africa --- Environment. --- Culture --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Geography. --- Climate change. --- Agricultural economics. --- Social sciences. --- Climate Change. --- Regional and Cultural Studies. --- Geography, general. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Agricultural Economics. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Study and teaching. --- Climatic changes. --- Environmental policy --- Climatic changes --- Africa, West --- Climate. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Agrarian question --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production economics --- Agriculture --- Production economics, Agricultural --- Land use, Rural --- Cultural studies --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Government policy --- Africa, Western --- Western Africa

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book collects most of the contributions prepared for the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000-2050. The ARW took place in Madrid from 2 to 5ofOctober 2002. Scholars and researchers from North and South ofthe Mediterranean and other countries from NATO gathered in Madrid for discussing several important factors that could affect Mediterranean security in the next 50 years. In this regard the first chapter presents the different debates regarding environmental security that took place in the last decade. This chapter is an introductory chapter and takes into account the possible audience in the Southern Mediterranean and the wishes ofsome contributors. For this reason the chapter deals in extenso with the question ofhuman security and the different approaches. The ARW dealt with issues that may affect the supply of fundamental goods for human living. To this end the complex question ofclimate change, its impact in the Mediterranean, the predicted increase in temperatures and predictions about rainfall are analysed. As part of this approach a chapter about solar variability and climate change is also added.

Climatic changes --- Nature --- Desertification --- Environmental protection --- Environmental policy --- Climat --- Homme --- Désertification --- Environnement --- Risk assessment --- Congresses. --- Effect of human beings on --- Congresses --- Changements --- Évaluation du risque --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Congrès --- Influence sur la nature --- Protection --- Politique gouvernementale --- Social Sciences --- Social Sciences - General --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Sciences --- Désertification --- Évaluation du risque --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Congrès --- environmental challenges --- Social sciences. --- Environment. --- Sociology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Environment, general. --- Sociology, general. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The Handbook of Micrometeorology is the most up-to-date reference for micrometeorological issues and methods related to the eddy covariance technique for estimating mass and energy exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. It is intended to provide micrometeorologists, ecosystem scientists, boundary-layer meteorologists, and students involved in micrometeorology with the state of science on measurement and analysis. The Handbook is the culmination of many detailed discussions of theory, analysis, and practical applications by the leading scientists in the field. It provides useful advice for bringing coherence to estimates of mass and energy exchange for understanding the role of the terrestrial biosphere in global environmental change.

Air pollution. Air purification --- milieutechnologie --- meteorologie --- milieubeheer --- klimatologie --- Nature protection --- klimaatveranderingen --- Meteorology. Climatology --- luchtverontreiniging --- geologie --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Physics. --- Geology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental protection. --- Climatic changes. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Physics, general. --- Environment, general. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Climate Change. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Environmental science --- Science --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Environmental aspects --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Environment. --- Air pollution. --- Climate change. --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Atmospheric sciences --- Control --- Global environmental change --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Ecology